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随着高温热浪袭击了孟加拉、中国、印度、缅甸和巴基斯坦，本月亚洲气温记录被刷新。国际山地发展中心（ICIMOD）的科学家们敦促全球政府和企业加快减排速度，发展机构来投入更多的气候资金，以努力加快脚步来帮助该地区适应气候变化。
周一（4 月 17 日）孟加拉首都达卡的气温达到41 摄氏度，印度普拉亚格拉吉达到 45 摄氏度，缅甸葛礼瓦达到 44 摄氏度。中国长沙、福州创当地最早入夏记录，浙江的几个城市也刷新了全省4月最高气温记录。 4 月 23 日，巴基斯坦九个城市的气温达到 40 度以上。
高温造成死亡、学校关闭，人们无法工作——均加剧了该地区现有的脆弱性，尤其是贫困和饥饿。
“在亚洲，人为引起的气候变化是我们所见的高温热浪数量与强度不断增加的主要原因。这些信号表明该地区已经出现气候紧急情况，”ICIMOD 的气候和环境专家迪普希卡 沙玛 (Deepshikha Sharma) 说。
ICIMOD 高级经济学家兼粮食系统专家阿毕德·侯赛因 (Abid Hussain) 说：“所有气候模型都表明，南亚地区的热浪峰值的频率和强度上将增加。这会直接影响 20 亿人，即对健康和工作的影响，或间接影响冰川融化、洪水、水文变化、反常降雨及山体滑坡。”
高温热浪来袭之际，联合国世界气候报告显示，南极海冰降至有记录以来的最低水平，欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川融化“直接突破了图表下限”。
兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区坐拥世界第三大冰冻水体，其变暖速度是全球平均水平的两倍。温度升高意味着冰川融化速度更快，由此产生的冰川融水更难以预测。随着气温持续上升和冰川萎缩，会导致该地区用水和粮食的安全问题，并增加山洪等灾害的可能性。 “由于机构和社区能力不足，大部分灾害都可能演变成灾难，”侯赛因说。
“在最乐观的情况下，将全球变暖限制在 1.5 ℃内，到2100 年，该地区也将失去三分之一的冰川——这将给山区、生态系统、自然界，以及河流下游四分之一的居民带来巨大风险，” 沙玛说。在过去六十年中，兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区的冰层消融速度一直在加快，甚至海拔 6千米以上的冰面也在变薄。
“现阶段，气温变化的速度比我们担心的要快得多，1.5 摄氏度的警告属实太热了，” 沙玛说。 “当务之急是我们在减排和气候适应融资规模等方面取得快速且重大进展，并在适应灾害和减灾风险的措施方面产生更大的影响，以保护人与生态系统，因为与日俱增的脆弱性并不是当地居民的过错。”
ICIMOD 与 NASA、USAID 和其他合作伙伴合作，通过 服务新都库什-喜马拉雅倡议（SERVIR-HKH initiative）来监测与预测区域干旱和极端天气事件，并与我们八个区域成员国的公共机构共享此 区域干旱监测和展望数据（Regional Drought Monitoring and Outlook data）。
Millets are one of the Future Smart Foods (FSFs), indigenous to Nepal. Millets are rich in micronutrients, more resilient to water and heat stresses and can be cultivated in marginal lands and at different altitudes ranging from plain terai to high hills. They can contribute to the overall sustainability of food systems through their potential contribution to nutrition security, rural income, and resilience to climate change. Beyond their immediate agricultural significance, millets offer potential in advancing agro-/eco-tourism and culinary science. This research paper, rooted in rigorous peer review and a SWOT analysis of the current millet landscape, develops an operational framework. This framework, exemplified through the case of millets, outlines a sustainable, long-term approach for the revival of traditional crops, thereby ensuring the sustainability of food systems in Nepal. In addition to this, the paper provides recommendations that span multiple fronts, including behavioral, technological, market, and policy aspects, to facilitate the revival of millets within the food system. By adopting a holistic approach that considers behavioral changes, technological innovations, market dynamics, and policy measures, we can create an enabling environment for the sustainable revitalization of millets and other FSFs. This comprehensive strategic way will not only contribute to the restoration of agrobiodiversity and dietary diversity but also enhance the resilience of Nepal's food systems in the face of climate change and other challenges.
The high‐humidity mountain forest ecosystem (HHMF) of Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing is a fragile ecosystem that is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Because it is shrouded in fog year‐round, illumination in the area is seriously insufficient. However, the flux (energy, wa-ter) exchanges (FEs) in this ecosystem and their influencing factors are not clear. Using one‐year data from flux towers with a double‐layer (25 m and 35 m) eddy covariance (EC) observation sys-tem, we proved the applicability of the EC method on rough underlying surfaces, quantified the FEs of HHMFs, and found that part of the fog might also be observed by the EC method. The observation time was separated from day and night, and then the environmental control of the FEs was determined by stepwise regression analysis. Through the water balance, it was proven that the negative value of evapotranspiration (ETN), which represented the water vapor input from the atmosphere to the ecosystem, could not be ignored and provided a new idea for the possible causes of the evaporation paradox. The results showed that the annual average daily sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) ranged from −126.56 to 131.27 W m−2 and from −106.7 to 222.27 W m−2, respectively. The annual evapotranspiration (ET), positive evapotranspiration (ETP), and negative evapotranspi-ration (ETN) values were 389.31, 1387.76, and −998.45 mm, respectively. The energy closure rate of the EC method in the ecosystems was 84%. Fog was the ETN observed by the EC method and an important water source of the HHMF. Therefore, the study area was divided into subtropical mountain cloud forests (STMCFs). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the H and LE during the day were mainly determined by radiation (Rn) and temperature (Tair), indicating that the energy of the ecosystem was limited, and future climate warming may enhance the FEs of the ecosystem. Addi-tionally, ETN was controlled by wind speed (WS) in the whole period, and WS was mainly affected by altitude and temperature differences within the city. Therefore, fog is more likely to occur in the mountains near heat island cities in tropical and subtropical regions. This study emphasizes that fog, as an important water source, is easily ignored in most EC methods and that there will be a large amount of fog in ecosystems affected by future climate warming, which can explain the evaporation paradox. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Climate change-induced hazards, such as rising temperature, uncertain rainfall, heat stress, drought, and floods impose significant stresses on the Himalayan region, leading to disruption of infrastructure and other socio-ecological systems in urban and rural areas. To address such challenges, ICLEI South Asia and ICIMOD have jointly developed a training manual for the local authorities as well as decision-makers and practitioners to prepare a climate resilience strategy that can address climate mitigation and adaptation aspects through consultative participation of local stakeholders. The manual is developed under the Climate and Development Knowledge Network programme.
Climate extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, extreme rainfall can lead to harvest failures, flooding and consequently threaten the food security worldwide. Improving our understanding about climate extremes can mitigate the worst impacts of climate change and extremes. The objective here is to investigate the changes in climate and climate extremes by considering two time slices (i.e., 1962–1990 and 1991–2019) in all climate zones of Pakistan by utilizing observed data from 54 meteorological stations. Different statistical methods and techniques were applied on observed station data to assess changes in temperature, precipitation and spatio-temporal trends of climatic extremes over Pakistan from 1962 to 2019. The Mann-Kendal test demonstrated increasing precipitation (DJF) and decreasing maximum and minimum temperatures (JJA) at the meteorological stations located in the Karakoram region during 1962–1990. The decadal analysis, on the other hand, showed a decrease in precipitation during 1991–2019 and an increase in temperature (maximum and minimum) during 2010–2019, which is consistent with the recently observed slight mass loss of glaciers related to the Karakoram Anomaly. These changes are highly significant at 5% level of significance at most of the stations. In case of temperature extremes, summer days (SU25) increased except in zone 4, TX10p (cold days) decreased across the country during 1962–1990, except for zones 1 and 2. TX90p (warm days) increased between 1991–2019, with the exception of zone 5, and decreased during 1962–1990, with the exception of zones 2 and 5. The spatio-temporal trend of consecutive dry days (CDD) indicated a rising tendency from 1991 to 2019, with the exception of zone 4, which showed a decreasing trend. PRCPTOT (annual total wet-day precipitation), R10 (number of heavy precipitation days), R20 (number of very heavy precipitation days), and R25mm (very heavy precipitation days) increased (decreased) considerably in the North Pakistan during 1962–1990 (1991–2019). The findings of this study can help to address some of the sustainable development goals related climate action, hunger and environment. In addition, the findings can help in developing sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies against climate change and extremes. As the climate and extremes conditions are not the uniform in all climate zone, therefore, it is suggested to the formers and agriculture department to harvest crops resilient to the climatic condition of each zone. Temperature has increasing trend in the northern Pakistan, therefore, the concerned stakeholders need to make rational plans for higher river flow/flood situation due to snow and glacier melt. Copyright: © 2022 Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Restrictions on human and industrial activities due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have resulted in an unprecedented reduction in energy consumption and air pollution around the world. Quantifying these changes in environmental conditions due to government-enforced containment measures provides a unique opportunity to understand the patterns, origins and impacts of air pollutants. During the lockdown in Pakistan, a significant reduction in energy demands and a decline of ∼1786 GWh (gigawatt hours) in electricity generation is reported. We used satellite observational data for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and land surface temperature (LST) to explore the associated environmental impacts of shifts in energy demands and emissions across Pakistan. During the strict lockdown period (March 23 to April 15, 2020), we observed a reduction in NO2 emissions by 40% from coal-based power plants followed by 30% in major urban areas compared to the same period in 2019. Also, around 25% decrease in AOD (at 550 nm) thickness in industrial and energy sectors was observed although no major decrease was evident in urban areas. Most of the industrial regions resumed emissions during the 3rd quarter of April 2020 while the urban regions maintained reduced emissions for a longer period. Nonetheless, a gradual increase has been observed since April 16 due to relaxations in lockdown implementations. Restrictions on transportation in the cities resulted in an evident drop in the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect, particularly in megacities. The changes reported as well as the analytical framework provides a baseline benchmark to assess the sectoral pollution contributions to air quality, especially in the scarcity of ground-based monitoring systems across the country.
The aerodynamic roughness of heat, moisture, and momentum of a natural surface are important parameters in atmospheric models, as they co-determine the intensity of turbulent transfer between the atmosphere and the surface. Unfortunately this parameter is often poorly known, especially in remote areas where neither high-resolution elevation models nor eddy-covariance measurements are available. In this study we adapt a bulk drag partitioning model to estimate the aerodynamic roughness length (z0m) such that it can be applied to 1D (i.e. unidirectional) elevation profiles, typically measured by laser altimeters. We apply the model to a rough ice surface on the K-transect (west Greenland Ice Sheet) using UAV photogrammetry, and we evaluate the modelled roughness against in situ eddy-covariance observations. We then present a method to estimate the topography at 1 m horizontal resolution using the ICESat-2 satellite laser altimeter, and we demonstrate the high precision of the satellite elevation profiles against UAV photogrammetry. The currently available satellite profiles are used to map the aerodynamic roughness during different time periods along the K-transect, that is compared to an extensive dataset of in situ observations. We find a considerable spatio-temporal variability in z0m, ranging between 10−4 m for a smooth snow surface and 10−1 m for rough crevassed areas, which confirms the need to incorporate a variable aerodynamic roughness in atmospheric models over ice sheets
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山地被广泛认为是生物多样性的发源地，其陡峭的斜坡孕育了各种繁复的生命形式。这些地区作为自然的庇护所变得愈发重要：虽然它们只占据了地球总面积的四分之一，却容纳了地球上85%的两栖动物、鸟类和哺乳动物。这种丰富的自然资源在联合国教科文组织的738个全球生物圈保护区中得到体现，其中明显超过一半位于山区。 然而，令人担忧的是，这些自然资源的非凡丰富正面临威胁。过去，由于偏远或地形困难，山地得以免受人类干扰，但如今这种状况逐渐减少。曾经被视为大自然摇篮和避难所的山地正在逐渐转变成墓地。在兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区，上个世纪就已经失去了70%的生物多样性。这些损失，包括物种的灭绝，如今正以加速度增长，正如ICIMOD的重要评估报告《兴都库什喜马拉雅的水、冰、社会和生态系统》（简称《HIWISE报告》）所指出的那样。 在公众、政治和外交层面，人们越来越认识到自然是我们当前危机中最重要的解决方案之一。联合国已宣布2021-2030年为生态系统恢复十年，去年，《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的指导下，全球100多个政府承诺在2030年之前将30%的陆地和海洋保留给自然，其中包括兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区。今年，在联合国全球气候大会COP28上，自然首次成为讨论的核心议题。 这些努力，以及今年国际山岳日的“生态系统恢复”主题，为恢复和保护山区景观提供了迫切需要的推动力。那么，我们的八个成员国离实现“30x30”目标有多近呢？到目前为止，不丹是唯一一个实际超额达标的国家，其51.4%的土地面积已经属于各种保护区类别。 尼泊尔只有不到24%的土地受到保护；中国仅为16%，略高于目标的一半；巴基斯坦占12%；印度为8%；缅甸为7%；孟加拉国为5%，阿富汗为4%。 令人担忧的是，在整个兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区，自然资源仍然丰富的关键区域仍处在保护之外：67%的生态区、39%的生物多样性热点、69%的关键生物多样性区域以及76%的重要鸟类和生物多样性区都没有得到保护。 现有的保护区域犹如在人类改变过的景观中的“孤岛”，缺乏与其他保护区域的连通走廊，无法满足广泛分布的物种需求，并且面临非法捕猎、侵占和资源开采的压力。现有的保护区域不足以确保成功保护我们地区的象征性物种，包括亚洲象、独角犀牛和孟加拉虎。 一个尚未尝试的解决方案是建立跨界生物圈保护区，这将允许在景观层面进行综合保护。实现这一目标需要跨越国家边界的共同政治承诺，并在共享生态系统的管理方面展开合作。ICIMOD将积极推动我们区域成员国接受这一解决方案。 然而，底线是，要扭转自然的损失，我们必须对其进行估值并提供相应的资金支持。只要经济学家继续将其价值定为零，就不会引起足够的重视。在进行估值之前，拥有大量自然资本但经济欠发达的国家将因为缺乏3A信用评级而难以以较低贷款利率借款。必须为该地区的国家提供更便宜的资本来促使自然的恢复：这是ICIMOD将与我们的成员、多边开发银行和其他机构紧急合作推进的事项。为了防止地球系统完全崩溃，我们必须为大自然提供一个适宜的生存环境，这一观点从未像现在这样显而易见。
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